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No matter what tools any ecologists require, the three most important methods used in ecological studies are observation, experimentation, and modeling.
Observation: As the first step in asking ecological inquiries, observations form the first step in designing the experiment and models.
Experimentation: Experiments are conducted mainly to test the hypotheses made to answer the question(s) formed earlier during the observation.
Modeling: Problems such as the effects of global warming might interrupt the process of the experiment because of its long periods of time. Thus, ecologists make models to help them understand any particular situation
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An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces.
The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients back to the ecosystem. (Wikipedia)